Expected global suitability of coffee, cashew and avocado due to climate change

crop requirements with the spatial data is done for every parameter individually (e.g. soil pH). During this process, each raster cell of the corresponding dataset is reclassified into one of the four suitability values. In the case of coffee, for example, a soil pH of 4.7 (Table 1) of a certain land unit is classified as marginally suitable (S3). This matching of crop requirements with spa- tial data results in separate suitability maps for each parameter investigated, for example the soil pH suitability map for coffee. The resulting maps are aggregated by the maximum limiting factor [23], rating the suitability of each raster cell by the factor with the lowest value. If the suitability of all crop requirements other than soil pH in the above-mentioned example were Table 2. Data sources used for the modelling of the crops’ climate, land and soil suitability [31–38]. All datasets are in a raster format and have a resolution of 30 arc seconds. Criteria Data source URL Reference Climate Mean annual temperature (˚C), current (1970–2000) and future (2041–2060) WorldClim: Global climate and weather data, version 2.0 (BIO 1) www.worldclim.org [33] Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (˚C), current (1970–2000) and future (2041– 2060) WorldClim: Global climate and weather data, version 2.0 (BIO 6) www.worldclim.org [33] Mean annual precipiataion (mm), current (1970–2000) and future (2041–2060) WorldClim: Global climate and weather data, version 2.0 (BIO 12) www.worldclim.org [33] Length of dry season (months) WorldClim: Global climate and weather data, version 2.0

(monthly precipitation) Global aridity and PET database (potential evapotranspiration) www.worldclim.orgcgiarcsi. community/data/global-aridity- and-pet-database [33,37,38] Mean relative humidity of dryest month (%) CliMond: Global climatologies for bioclimatic modelling (relative humidity at 9 am) www.climond.org/ClimateData. aspx [36] Land and Soil Artificial surfaces (type) FAO Global Land Cover (GLC-SHARE) Beta-Release 1.0 Database www.fao.org/geonetwork/ [31] Protected areas (category) The World Databae on Protected Areas (WDPA) www.protectedplanet.net [32] Slope (%) Derived from ESRI Terrain Service Soil texture (USDA class) SoilGrids—global griddes soil information (soil texture at 15 cm depth) www.isric.org/explore/soilgrids [35] Coarse fragments (vol%) SoilGrids—global griddes soil information (coarse fragments at 15 cm depth) www.isric.org/explore/soilgrids [35] Soil organic carbon (%) SoilGrids—global griddes soil information (soil organic carbon at 15 cm depth) www.isric.org/explore/soilgrids [35] Soil pH SoilGrids—global griddes soil information (soil pH at 15 cm depth) www.isric.org/explore/soilgrids [35] Soil salinity (ECe) Harmonized Soil Database, version 1.2 www.fao.org/soils-portal/data- hub/soil-maps-and-databases/ harmonized-world-soil-database- v12/ [34] https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261976.t002 PLOS ONE Global suitability of coffee, cashew and avocado PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261976 January 26, 2022 4 / 24