Expected global suitability of coffee, cashew and avocado due to climate change

Table 1. Biophysical requirements of coffee ( Coffea arabica L.), cashew ( Anacadrium occidentale L.) and avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) used in the model, classified into four suitability classes (S1: Highly suitable, S2: Moderately suitable, S3: Marginally suitable, N: Unsuitable). The classification was done based on several sources for coffee [24–28], cashew [13, 16, 24, 25]and avo- cado [24, 25, 29, 30]. Coffee Cashew Avocado Criteria S1 S2 S3 N S1 S2 S3 N S1 S2 S3 N Climate Mean annual temperature (˚C) 17–22 22–25 15–17 25–28 12–15 >28 <12 24–28 28–31 20–24 31–34 15–20 >34 <15 18–26 26–30 15–18 30–45 10–15 >45 <10 Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (˚C) 10–19 19–21 7–10 21–23 4–7 >23 <4 >10 8–10 4–8 <4 >16 13–16 8–13 <8 Mean annual precipitation (mm) 1400–1800 1800– 2300 1000– 1400 2300– 4200 750– 1000 >4200 <750 1000–2250 2250– 3200 800– 1000 3200– 4500 500– 800 >4500 <500 1200–1800 1800– 2000 1200– 1000 2000– 2500 750– 1000 >2500 <750 Length of dry season (months) 1–4 4–5 0–1 5–6 - >6 0–4 4–5 5–6 >6 1–4 4–6 <1 >6 - Mean relative humidity of driest month (%) 40–70 70–80 30–40 80–90 20–30 >90 <20 >30 25–30 20–25 <20 - - - - Land and Soil Artificial surfaces (type) a 0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 - - 1 0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 - - 1 0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 - - 1 Protected areas (category) b - - - 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 - - - 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 - - - 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 Slope (%) 0–8 8–16 16–30 >30 0–8 8–16 16–30 >30 0–8 8–16 16–30 >30 Soil texture (USDA class) c 1,3,4,5,7,8,10 6 9 2,11,12

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 - 12 - 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 2,3 1 - Coarse fragments (vol%) 0–15 15–35 35–55 >55 0–15 15–35 35–55 >55 0–15 15–35 35–55 >55 Soil organic carbon (%) >1.2 0.8–1.2 <0.8 - >0.8 0.5–0.8 0.1–0.5 <0.1 >1.2 0.8–1.2 <0.8 - Soil pH 5.5–6.5 6.5–7.0 5.0–5.5 7.0–7.5 4.5–5.0 >7.5 <4.5 5.2–7.0 7.0–7.5 4.8–5.2 7.5–8.0 4.5–4.8 >8.0 <4.5 5–6.5 6.5–7.5 4.5–5 7.5–8.3 4.3–4.5 >8.3 <4.3 Soil salinity (ECe) 0–0.5 0.5–1.5 1.5–2.5 >2.5 0–2 2–3 3–4 >4 0–3 3–4 4–5 >5 aArtificial surfaces were classified according to FAO global land cover SHARE ([31]; 1 = artificial surfaces, 2 = cropland, 3 = grassland, 4 = tree covered areas, 5 = shrubs covered areas, 6 = herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded, 7 = mangroves, 8 = sparse vegetation, 9 = bare soil, 10 = snow and glaciers, 11 = water bodies). bProtected areas were classified according to the IUCN management categories ([32]; 1 = Ia, 2 = Ib, 3 = II, 4 = III, 5 = IV, 6 = V, 7 = VI, 8 = not reported, 9 = not applicable, 10 = not assigned). cSoil texture was classified according to USDA soil taxonomy (1 = clay, 2 = silty clay, 3 = sandy clay, 4 = clay loam, 5 = silty clay loam, 6 = sandy clay loam, 7 = loam, 8 = silty loam, 9 = sandy loam, 10 = silt, 11 = loamy sand, 12 = sand). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261976.t001 PLOS ONE Global suitability of coffee, cashew and avocado PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261976 January 26, 2022 3 / 24