Navigating climate change: Climate change awareness and strategies in micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in a developing economy

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327165 July 2, 2025 16 / 26 Table 6. Carbon Neutrality Strategic Timing. Panel 1. Model ‘a’ Estimates Delta-Method OR SD P-value 95% CI ME SD P-value 95% CI Gender-balanced leadership 1.01 0.13 0.96 0.79 1.29 0.00 0.03 0.96 -0.05 0.06 Capital barriers 1.20 0.15 0.15 0.94 1.53 0.04 0.03 0.15 -0.01 0.09 Technology barriers 0.88 0.12 0.34 0.67 1.14 -0.03 0.03 0.34 -0.09 0.03 Government support 2.87 2.92 0.30 0.39 21.07 0.23 0.22 0.30 -0.21 0.67 Stakeholder support 0.33 0.38 0.34 0.03 3.18 -0.25 0.26 0.34 -0.75 0.25 Customer pressures 1.25 0.20 0.17 0.91 1.70 0.05 0.04 0.17 -0.02 0.12 Investor pressures 1.50 0.24 0.01 ** 1.10 2.06 0.09 0.04 0.01 ** 0.02 0.16 Awareness of carbon markets 1.33 0.17 0.03 ** 1.03 1.72 0.06 0.03 0.03 ** 0.01 0.12 Carbon-related practices 1.22 0.22 0.27 0.86 1.72 0.04 0.04 0.27 -0.03 0.12 Carbon programs 1.49 0.20 0.00 *** 1.14 1.94 0.09 0.03 0.00 *** 0.03 0.15 Economic Sector Secondary Sector 0.40 0.10 0.00 *** 0.25 0.65 -0.21 0.06 0.00 *** -0.32 -0.09 Tertiary Sector 0.59 0.14 0.02 ** 0.37 0.93 -0.13 0.06 0.03 ** -0.24 -0.01 Business Community Small business owner 1.20 0.21 0.28 0.86 1.69 0.04 0.04 0.27 -0.03 0.11 MSMEs 1.55 0.29 0.02 ** 1.08 2.23 0.10 0.04 0.01 ** 0.02 0.17 Constant 0.35 0.10 0.00 *** 0.20 0.63 Observations 1453.00 Pseudo R square 0.04 Panel 2. Model ‘b’ Estimates Delta-Method

OR SD P-value 95% CI ME SD P-value 95% CI Gender-balanced leadership 0.70 0.09 0.01 ** 0.54 0.90 -0.08 0.03 0.01 ** -0.14 -0.03 Capital barriers 0.66 0.08 0.00 *** 0.52 0.83 -0.10 0.03 0.00 *** -0.15 -0.04 Technology barriers 0.91 0.12 0.47 0.70 1.18 -0.02 0.03 0.47 -0.08 0.04 Government support 1.12 1.14 0.92 0.15 8.30 0.03 0.24 0.92 -0.45 0.50 Stakeholder support 1.56 1.39 0.61 0.27 8.91 0.11 0.21 0.61 -0.31 0.52 Customer pressures 0.65 0.10 0.00 *** 0.49 0.88 -0.10 0.04 0.00 *** -0.17 -0.03 Investor pressures 0.65 0.10 0.01 ** 0.49 0.88 -0.10 0.04 0.01 ** -0.17 -0.03 Awareness of carbon markets 0.67 0.09 0.00 *** 0.51 0.87 -0.10 0.03 0.00 *** -0.16 -0.03 Carbon-related practices 0.49 0.10 0.00 *** 0.33 0.74 -0.17 0.05 0.00 *** -0.26 -0.07 Carbon programs 0.64 0.09 0.00 *** 0.48 0.85 -0.10 0.03 0.00 *** -0.17 -0.04 Economic Sector Secondary Sector 1.99 0.57 0.02 ** 1.13 3.48 0.15 0.06 0.01 ** 0.04 0.27 Tertiary Sector 1.65 0.46 0.07 * 0.96 2.84 0.11 0.06 0.05 * 0.00 0.22 Business Community Small business owner 0.83 0.13 0.25 0.60 1.14 -0.05 0.04 0.25 -0.12 0.03 MSMEs 0.67 0.12 0.02 ** 0.47 0.94 -0.10 0.04 0.02 ** -0.18 -0.01 Constant 1.64 0.52 0.12 0.89 3.05 Observations 1453.00 Pseudo R square 0.07 Note. The table presents estimates and marginal effects from a logit model assessing the relevance of firms’ efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. Model

‘a’´ examines whether the firm perceives achieving carbon neutrality within less than five years as feasible. Model ‘b’ examines whether the firm con- siders carbon neutrality infeasible or does not include it in its strategic plan. OR = Odds Ratios; SD = Robust Standard Errors; CI = Confidence Intervals. ***p-value < 0.001; ** p-value < 0.05; * p-value < 0.10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327165.t006