Performance evaluation of industry-education integration in higher education from the perspective of coupling coordination-an empirical study based on Chongqing

(2) Higher education subsystem. In terms of structure, the structure of higher education is closely related to the structure of industry and employment [42]. Optimizing the structure of higher education is an important means to build a high-quality education system and promote the high-quality development of education. The adjustment of higher education structure plays a promoting role in the optimization of the structure of primary, secondary and tertiary industries [43]. The proportion of education funds to GDP and the student-teacher ratio of higher education institutions reflect the structure of education funds and the structure of teachers and students in higher education. The proportion of public education funds to GDP reflects the degree of financial support provided by a country’s government departments for the development of education, which is one of the basic guarantee conditions for educational development. It is also an internationally accepted structural indicator for measuring educa- tional security conditions. The student-teacher ratio reflects the structure and proportion rela- tionship between the number of students and teachers in higher education, which is an important indicator for measuring the conditions and benefits of generalized schooling, and also one of the important indicators for international and regional comparisons in education. The conduct aspect includes two dimensions: education scale and education development. The education scale mainly reflects the number of education institutions at all levels and types,

the number of students, the number of schools, and their growth, which indicates the degree of development of education. The scale of education is restricted by the population and its age structure, the level of economic development and the level of scientific and technological development. An appropriate scale of education can produce higher economic and social ben- efits of education, and a certain scale of higher education is compatible with a certain level of economic development [44]. Educational development refers to the deepening and progress in educational funding, teacher strength growth, and school size improvement. The basic trend of world higher education development is the popularization, lifelong learning, informatiza- tion, and internationalization of higher education [45]. In recent years, China’s educational development capability has been significantly improved, with a historic breakthrough in educational investment. The per capita funding sys- tem has gradually been established, and the school conditions of all levels of schools, especially Table 1. Industry subsystem indicators. Frame Dimension Index Statistical calculations Structure Industry structure The proportion of primary industry (c1) Value of primary industry/total value × 100% The proportion of the secondary industry (c2) Value of the secondary industry/total value × 100% Proportion of the tertiary industry (c3) Value of the tertiary industry/total value × 100% Conduct Industry l scale Value scale (c4) Gross domestic product (GDP)

Organizational size (c5) Number of industrial enterprises above designated size Industry development Investment growth (c6) (Current investment—previous investment) / previous investment × 100% Value added (c7) (Current period value—last period value) / last period value × 100% Profit growth (c8) (Total profit in the current period—total profit in the previous period) / total profit in the previous period × 100% Performance Industry input Human resource input (c9) Employment in industry Fixed assets investment (c10) Fixed assets investment of the whole society Energy inputs (c11) Energy consumption Industry output Level of profitability (c12) Total profit of enterprises above the designated size Output per capita (c13) GDP per capita https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308572.t001 PLOS ONE Performance evaluation of industry-education integration in higher education based on coupling coordination PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308572 September 18, 2024 9 / 22