Safety climate in the Ghanaian printing industry

Commitment & Communication, Safety Involvement & Training, Positive Safety Practices, Safety Competency, Safety Procedure, Accountability & Responsibility, and a Supportive Envi- ronment. The descriptive statistics for the levels of the safety climate index on each of the 7 dimensions and the individual items are given in Table 4. In the study, the mean value of each dimension ranged from 1 to 5, so results below 3.0 translate as a negative or weak safety climate. Overall, the mean value of workers’ safety climate perception indices on all 7 dimensions (see Table 5) ranges from �x2.29 to �x2.82 with a total mean score of �x2.5844 (see Table 6). This value falls between “strongly disagree” and ‘‘dis- agree”. This shows a weak safety climate in the Ghanaian printing industry and may reflect the safety climate status of other sectors of the manufacturing industry in Ghana. Further in-depth analysis of the individual dimensions provides a clearer insight into the workers’ perceptions of the safety climate of the printing industry in Ghana. The Safety Com- mitment and Communication dimension comprise 16 variables (see Table 3) that explain workers’ perceptions of the degree to which their managers and supervisors value and support a safe work environment and commit to workers’ safety. The total mean score (see Table 6) of �x2.5844 shows an unfavourable perceived safety cli- mate within the printing industry. This suggests that workers perceive management attitudes and actions as not positive about contributing to a healthy safety climate. Evidence such as

lack of management’s understanding of operational issues that impact worker safety, lack of Table 3. Demographics. Demographic variance No. % Demographic variance No. % Gender Organizational size Male 141 82 1–9 46 26.7 Female 31 18 10–29 49 28.5 30–99 77 44.8 Age Departments 19–30 85 49.4 Administration 29 16.9 31–40 53 30.8 Prepress 26 15.1 41–50 19 11.0 Press 76 44.2 51–60 14 8.1 Post press 40 23.3 Educational level Position No formal education 1 0.06 Machine operators 61 35.5 Junior High education 10 5.8 Binders/workers at the post-press 39 22.7 Middle school education 14 8.1 Supervisors / Production Managers 27 15.7 Technical education 23 13.4 Graphic designers 15 8.7 Senior High Secondary 62 36.0 Administrators 10 5.8 Diploma 20 11.6 Departmental / Sectional Heads 4 2.3 Bachelor’s Degree 35 20.3 Storekeepers 3 1.7 Post Graduate education 6 3.5 Client/Customer Service Personnel 2 1.2 Work experience Estimators 1 0.6 Less than 1 year 28 16.3 1–5 79 45.9 6–10 38 22.1 11-Above 26 15.1 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278100.t003 PLOS ONE Safety climate in the printing industry PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278100 November 28, 2022 7 / 15