Safety climate in the Ghanaian printing industry

conclusion we draw from this study is that the current climate of the Ghanaian printing indus- try is not safe. Workers perceived management attitudes and actions as unfavourable since safety issues were not a priority for management. The results from measuring the dimensions: safety commitment and communication, safety involvement and training, positive safety prac- tices, safety competency, safety procedures, accountability and responsibility and supportive environment, all show an unhealthy or a negative safety climate in the printing industry. Hence, one should expect the incidence of high-level occupational accidents [63], accident under-reporting [64] and the incidence of increased risk-taking behaviours of the workers within the printing industry of Ghana. To improve the safety climate, management and other stakeholders within the printing industry must change their attitude towards safety. They should commit to and communicate effectively to embrace safety practices and procedures. Management should avoid palliative actions, i.e. wait for safety incidents to happen in an organisation before implementing vigor- ous safety measures, rather they should adopt preventive actions, and be more accountable and responsible to minimize or eliminate the effects of a poor safety climate. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Samuel Smith Esseh, Lucy Afeafa Ry-Kottoh, Mary Mawufemor Denyo. Data curation: Samuel Smith Esseh, Mary Mawufemor Denyo. Formal analysis: Samuel Smith Esseh, Lucy Afeafa Ry-Kottoh, Mary Mawufemor Denyo. Investigation: Mary Mawufemor Denyo.

Methodology: Samuel Smith Esseh, Mary Mawufemor Denyo. Project administration: Samuel Smith Esseh, Lucy Afeafa Ry-Kottoh. Resources: Samuel Smith Esseh, Mary Mawufemor Denyo. Supervision: Samuel Smith Esseh, Lucy Afeafa Ry-Kottoh. Visualization: Samuel Smith Esseh, Lucy Afeafa Ry-Kottoh. Writing – original draft: Samuel Smith Esseh, Lucy Afeafa Ry-Kottoh, Mary Mawufemor Denyo. Writing – review & editing: Samuel Smith Esseh, Lucy Afeafa Ry-Kottoh, Mary Mawufemor Denyo. References 1. Schwatka NV, Rosecrance JC. Safety climate and safety behaviors in the construction industry: the importance of co-workers’ commitment to safety; 2006 Work 54(2), 401–413 https://doi.org/10.3233/ WOR-162341 PMID: 27315417 2. Griffin A, Curcuruto M. Safety Climate in Organizations; 2016. Annual Review of Organizational Psy- chology and Organizational Behavior 3(1) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062414 3. Varonen U, Mattila M. The safety climate and its relationship to safety practices, safety of the work envi- ronment and occupational accidents in eight wood-processing companies; 2000. Accident Analysis & Prevention:761–769 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00129-3 PMID: 10994603 4. Health and Safety Executive. Health and safety in the printing industry; 2021. Available from https:// www.hse.gov.uk/printing/index.htm 5. Decharat S. Prevalence of Acute Symptoms among Workers in Printing Factories; 2014. Hindawi Pub- lishing Corporation Advances in Preventive Medicine; 2014. Article ID 854052. 6p https://doi.org/10. 1155/2014/854052 PMID: 25386365 PLOS ONE

Safety climate in the printing industry PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278100 November 28, 2022 12 / 15