Inequality of opportunity in selection procedures limits diversity in higher education: An intersectional study of Dutch selective higher education programs

Table 3. (Continued) Background characteristics associated with significantly higher odds of admission in each multivariable logistic regression model Cluster Sex Age, based on Y. O.B. Migration background Urbanity degree of postal code in 2015 Income category Assets category Parents on social welfare Parents with SSI HP parents Parents working in PSVE sector Acceptance rate of group ALL* Acceptance rate of group NONE ** Ratio accept. rate ALL/ NONE p- value of the ratioa SU4_ 2020 None 41–100 50.9% (799/ 1571) 35.6% (48/ 135) 1,43 < 0.001 SU5_ 2019 M 2000 or later VSU 71–90 77.1% (27/ 35) 32.4% (34/ 105) 2,38 < 0.001 SU5_ 2020 M 2000 or later Other MB 75.6% (34/ 45) 26.1% (30/ 115) 2,90 < 0.001 SU6_ 2019 71–100 81.3% (1077/ 1324) 73.9% (136/ 184) 1,10 0.017 SU6_ 2020 NA NA NA SU7_ 2019 2000 or later None None 80.3% (1357/ 1689) 41.4% (12/ 29) 1,94 < 0.001 SU7_ 2020 F None 81–100 80.4% (270/ 336) 54.1 (170/ 314) 1,49 < 0.001 SU8_ 2019 None WNU 1 or 2 95.3% (41/ 43) 68.1% (222/ 326) 1,40 < 0.001 SU8_ 2020 None WNU 1–90 87.1% (101/ 116) 66% (103/ 156) 1,32 < 0.001 SU9_ 2019 M 2000 or later None 78.4% (344/ 439) 41.7% (15/ 36) 1,88 < 0.001 SU9_ 2020 M 2000 or later None or Other MB 41–100 None 1 or 2 76.7% (33/ 43) <3% (data hidden) b c c *Acceptance rate group ALL: calculated as the percentage of applicants who were offered a place, out of the total number of applicants in group ALL (Group ALL: the group of applicants who possessed all demographic characteristics positively associated with odds of admission in this cluster’s final model)

** Acceptance rate group NONE: calculated as the percentage of applicants who were offered a place, out of the total number of applicants in group NONE (Group NONE: the group of applicants who possessed none of the demographic characteristics positively associated with odds of admission in this cluster’s final model) a based on chi-square test of association with α < 0.05 b data hidden due to CBS data regulations regarding frequencies <10 c cannot be calculated or shown precisely, due to CBS data regulations regarding frequencies <10 M = Male; F = Female; Y.O.B. = Year of birth; SSI = Social services income, excluding social welfare; PSVE = primary, secondary or vocational education; HP = registered healthcare professional TMSDI = Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, Dutch Caribbean or Indonesian migration background; MB = Migration background; VSU = (Very) strongly urban; VSAU = (Very) strongly to averagely urban; AWNU = Averagely to weakly/not urban; WNU = Weakly/not urban; NA = not applicable (no significant variables in multivariable logistic regression model) Note 1: acceptance rates of applicants who had some, but not all, of the characteristics positively associated with odds of admission, fall between the rates of group ALL and group NONE. Due to the high amount of possible combinations of variables, it was not possible to showcase acceptance rates of each type of combination in this table. Information on the acceptance rates of other groups than ALL and NONE can be retrieved from the figures in S1 File. Note 2: If a variable has 3 categories (e.g. A,

B, C) and only category B was shown to have significantly different odds of admission compared to reference group A, additional regression analyses were performed with reversed reference categories, to investigate if B and C also significantly differed from each other. The double analyses with different reference categories provided the information which of the three categories had significantly higher odds of admission. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292805.t003 PLOS ONE Inequality of opportunity in Dutch selection procedures limits diversity in higher education PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292805 October 13, 2023 14 / 24