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Foundations of climate change denial: Anti-environmentalism and anti-science

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PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0334544 November 12, 2025 20 / 23 Methodology: Peter J. Jacques. Validation: Peter J. Jacques. Writing – original draft: Peter J. Jacques, Riley E. Dunlap. Writing – review & editing: Peter J. Jacques, Riley E. Dunlap. References 1. Cook J, Oreskes N, Doran PT, Anderegg WRL, Verheggen B, Maibach EW, et al. Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming. Environ Res Lett. 2016;11(4):048002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002 2. Lynas M, Houlton BZ, Perry S. Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Environ Res Lett. 2021;16(11):114005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966 3. Myers KF, Doran PT, Cook J, Kotcher JE, Myers TA. Consensus revisited: quantifying scientific agreement on climate change and climate expertise among Earth scientists 10 years later. Environ Res Lett. 2021;16(10):104030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2774 4. Leiserowitz A, Maibach E, Rosenthal S, Kotcher J, Goddard E, Carman J, et al. Climate Change in the American Mind: Beliefs & Attitudes, Fall 2023. New Haven, CT: Yale University and George Mason University, Yale Program on Climate Change Communication.; 2023. 5. Dunlap RE, McCright AM. Challenging Climate Change: The Denial Countermovement. In: Dunlap RE, Brulle RJ, editors. Climate Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives2015. p. 300–32. 6. Beder S. Climatic confusion and corporate collusion: hijacking the greenhouse debate. The Ecologist. 1999;1999:119–22.

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26. Farrell J. Network structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement. Nature Clim Change. 2015;6(4):370–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nclimate2875 27. Dunlap RE, Jacques PJ. Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection. Am Behav Sci. 2013;57(6):699– 731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213477096 PMID: 24098056