Factors influencing farming households’ climate change adaptation strategies in Central Vietnam

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328058 July 10, 2025 21 / 22 30. Diep N, Diem P, Minh V, Tao N. Assessing the impact of climate change on the current status of rice cultivation in the coastal region of the Mekong Delta according to climate change scenarios. Can Tho Univ Sci Mag. 2015:167–73. 31. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). Vietnam national climate change and SLR scenarios. Hanoi, Vietnam; 2020. 32. Hoang N, Nguyen V, Tran T, Le H, Nguyen Q, Dinh T. Evaluation of climate change impacts on temperature and precipitation for Quang Binh prov- ince. J Sci Technol. 2021;30:39–51. 33. Phan V, Ngo D. Climate change in Vietnam: some research results, challenges and opportunities in international integration. VNU J Sci Earth Envi- ron Sci. 2013;29(2):30–40. 34. Phat LTN, Hanh NK. Impact of removing industrial tariffs under the European–Vietnam free trade agreement: a computable general equilibrium approach. J Econ Dev. 2019;21(1):2–17. 35. Van N, Loi N, Duc T. Current situation and solutions for forest fire management in response to climate change in Quang Binh province. For Sci J. 2017;(4):34–43. 36. Thanh V, Huong T. Overview of models assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture and research directions for Vietnam. J Econ Dev. 2020;278(11):58–64. 37. Mai NT, Truong DD. Farming households’ perception on natural disaster impacts to livelihoods and adaptation practices: a case study of coastal provinces in Central Vietnam. Int J Sustain Dev Plan. 2022;17(2):579–92.

38. Ayal D, Leal W. Farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and its adverse impacts on crop and livestock production in Ethiopia. J Arid Environ. 2017;140:20–8. 39. Getahun A, Ayal D, Ture K, Zeleke T. Determinants of climate variability adaptation strategies: a case of Itang Special District, Gambella Region, Ethiopia. Clim Serv. 2021;23:100245. 40. Mahmood R, Jia S, Zhu W. Analysis of climate variability, trends, and prediction in the most active parts of the Lake Chad basin, Africa. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):6317. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42811-9 PMID: 31004113 41. Saguye T. Determinants of smallholder farmers’ adoption of climate change and variability adaptation strategies: Evidence from Geze Gofa District, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. J Environ Earth Sci. 2016;6:9–20. 42. Haile M. Weather patterns, food security and humanitarian response in sub-Saharan Africa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005;360(1463):2169–82. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1746 PMID: 16433102 43. Maddison D. The perception of and adaptation to climate change in Africa. CEEPA Discussion Paper No. 10. Pretoria: Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa; 2006. 44. Asrat P, Simane B. Farmers’ perception of climate change and adaptation strategies in the Dabus watershed. North-West Ethiopia. Ecol Process. 2018;7:7. 45. Smit B, Burton I, Klein R, Wandel J. An anatomy of adaptation to climate change and variability. Clim Change. 2000;5:21–32. 46. Quang Binh People Committee. Socio-economic development report 2022. Quang Binh, Vietnam; 2022.

47. Quang Binh Statistics Department. Quang Binh statistical yearbook 2020. Hanoi: Statistical Publishing House; 2021. 48. Thanh H. Concerns about saltwater intrusion on the Gianh River. Quang Binh J. 2021 [cited 2021 Jun 7]. 49. Marie M, Yirga F, Haile M, Tquabo F. Farmers’ choices and factors affecting adoption of climate change adaptation strategies: evidence from north- western Ethiopia. Heliyon. 2020;6(4):e03867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03867 PMID: 32373748 50. Hanmer M, Ozan Kalkan K. Behind the curve: clarifying the best approach to calculating predicted probabilities and marginal effects from limited dependent variable models. Am J Polit Sci. 2013;57(1):263–77. 51. Gbetibouo G. Understanding farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change and variability: the case of the Limpopo Basin, South Africa. IFPRI Discussion Paper 00849. Washington (DC): IFPRI; 2009. 52. Ndamani F, Watanabe T. Determinants of farmers’ adaptation to climate change: a micro level analysis in Ghana. Sci Agric. 2015;73(3):201–8. 53. Malik A, Qin X, Smith SC. Autonomous adaptation to climate change: A literature review. Institute for International Economic Policy Working Paper Series. 2010;(202):1–25. 54. Temesgen D, Hassan A, Tekie Y, Mahmud C. Analyzing the determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation methods and perceptions of climate change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. IFPRI Discussion Paper; 2008. 55. Belay A, Recha J, Woldeamanuel T, Morton J. Smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate change and determinants of their adaptation decisions in

the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Agric Food Secur. 2017;6:1–13. 56. Lamsal P, Pant K, Kumar L, Atreya K. Sustainable livelihoods through conservation of wetland resources: a case of economic benefits from Ghodaghodi Lake, western Nepal. Ecol Soc. 2015;20:1–10. 57. Wood S, Jina A, Jain M, Kristjanson P, DeFries R. Smallholder farmer cropping decisions related to climate variability across multiple regions. Glob Environ Change. 2014;25:163–72. 58. Haile A, Kusters K, Wagesho N. Loss and damage from flooding in the Gambela region, Ethiopia. Int J Global Warming. 2013;5(4):483–97. 59. Liao T. Interpreting probability models: Logit, probit and other generalized linear models. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 1994.