Factors influencing farming households’ climate change adaptation strategies in Central Vietnam

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328058 July 10, 2025 14 / 22 Table 5. Results of MNL analysis. Vegetable production Shrimp farming Salt-tolerant rice varieties Lotus and fish farming VIF Variables B Sig. Exp(B) B Sig. Exp(B) B Sig. Exp(B) B Sig. Exp(B) Intercept 0.234 0.912 0.059 0.932 9.783 0.00 4.534 0.032 GEN −0.354 0.567 0.745 1.321 0.042** 2.987 1.732 0.003*** 6.324 0.989 0.312** 3.313 1.83 SIZE −0.301 0.432 0.789 −0.112 0.789 0.981 1.564 0.000*** 4.324 0.645 0.045** 3.432 1.64 EDU 1.623 0.000*** 4.021 −0.708 0.071** 0.645 0.608 0.067** 1.785 −0.211 0.645 0.678 1.46 AGE −0.178 0.345 0.843 −0.213 0.654 0.708 0.432 0.078** 0.822 −0.032 0.756 0.867 1.75 INC 0.702 0.065** 2.019 0.205 0.322 1.453 0.004 0.998 1.323 0.322 0.876 1.423 1.58 EXP 0.342 0.424 1.432 −0.599 0.323 0.607 0.199 0.798 1.543 −0.543 0.321 0.876 1.44 SAL −0.601 0.587 0.643 −0.132 0.876 0.895 2.567 0.061* 10.342 1.432 0.312 2.764 1.39 POS −0.089 0.832 0.912 0.673 0.069** 2.868 −0.345 0.436 0.654 0.312 0.543 1.312 1.28 ARE −0.243 0.656 0.802 0.883 0.102** 2.124 1.812 0.000*** 5.756 1.312 0.032** 2.977 1.74 INF −0.061 0.912 0.899 0.064 0.899 1.069 0.032 0.998 1.434 −0.433 0.534 0.677 1.49 MEM −0.312 0.632 0.657 −0.073 0.876 0.911 0.045 0.997 1.543 −0.534 0.123 0.656 1.63 CRE −0.189 0.872 0.799 1.321 0.065** 3.567 0.732 0.245 1.432 0.766 0.032** 2.543 1.81

TRA 0.005 0.902 1.021 0.991 0.117 2.563 0.321 0.534 1.765 0.432 0.334 1.876 1.78 Number of observations 356 LR chi-square 81.032* Log Likelihood −398.214 Pseudo-R square (McFadden) 0.6193 Goodness-of-Fit (Chi-square)/Pearson/ 182.342 ***, **: significant at 1% and 5% error levels, respectively. Source: Study results (2024). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328058.t005 Table 6. Marginal effects from MNL model of adaptation strategies. Explanatory variables Code Vegetable production Shrimp farming Salt-tolerant rice varieties Lotus-fish farming Gender GEN 1.324 0.316** 0.087*** 0.412** Household Size SIZE 0.005 0.042 −0.097*** 0.071* Education level EDU 0.021 −0.058*** −0.177*** 0.096** Age AGE 0.007 −0.007** 0.005** −0.002*** Monthly income INC −0.032** 0.039*** 0.067*** 0.001*** Farming experience EXP 0.011** −0.015*** 0.061*** 0.004*** Percentage of soil salinity SAL 0.031*** 0.086*** −0.008** 0.056*** Location of farmland POS −0.061*** −0.093* 0.054*** 0.011 Farmland area ARE 0.026 0.002*** −0.043** 0.042** Access information from the state INF 0.041 0.105* 0.121** 0.031 Membership of the local associations MEM 0.098** 0.123** 0.342** 0.046* Access credit from policy bank CRE 0.014 0.008** 0.005 0.006** Participate in training courses TRA 0.042*** 0.086*** 0.341 0.037*** ***, **: significant at 1% and 5% error levels, respectively. Source: Study results (2025). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328058.t006